[29/12, 7:48 pm] ‪+91 99789 99990‬: Order of Adjectives 
===================
Adjectives are words that modify a noun or a pronoun. In other words, they describe a person, place, or thing in a sentence. Adjectives usually come before the noun. For example:
“The small dog jumped over the white fence.”
Small is an adjective that describes the noun dog, and white is an adjective that describes the noun fence.
Adjectives add to the richness of our descriptions of people and things. They allow the listener or the reader to paint a mental picture of the person or object that is being described to them.
Think about some adjectives that you know. Some of the most common words are adjectives like good, bad, young, old, big, and small.
Each of these adjectives serves a purpose by describing a different aspect of the noun. Good and bad give an opinion of the noun, old and young tell us about the noun’s age, while big and small describe the noun’s size.
The good news is that adjectives are relatively simple in English. In some languages, the adjective changes its form depending on whether the noun it modifies is singular/plural, or feminine/masculine. In English, we don’t have those complications: the adjective always remains the same.
When we speak or write, we don’t want to bore our listener or reader with repetitive sentences. Imagine a description like this:
“He is a tall man. He is a healthy man. He is a young man.”
You would be so bored that you wouldn’t want to listen to another word. Luckily, we have another option. We can make such a description more concise by using all three adjectives in one sentence:
“He is a tall healthy young man.”
Using more than one adjective in a sentence makes our writing and speech richer and more concise. However, this is also where we have to be careful, because certain adjectives appear in a certain order. For example, in the description above, which would be more correct: tall healthy young man, or young healthy tall man?
The answer is tall healthy young man, but why?
What is the order of adjectives?
In English, we generally have a specific order of adjectives (although this can sometimes be flexible). Without this order, the sentence sounds unnatural, as in “young healthy tall man.” To avoid unnatural-sounding sentences, we group adjectives by type, and we try to use them in this order:
1. Opinion
2. Measurements
3. Shape
4. Condition
5. Age
6. Color
7. Pattern
8. Origin
9. Material
10. Purpose
Obviously we never have a sentence that uses 10 adjectives to describe one noun; in fact, it would be rare to find a sentence that uses more than three adjectives to modify the same noun. We do need to know a little about each type, though, so that when we need to use two or three adjectives in a row, we’ll use them in the right order.
First, let’s look at each type of adjective in detail. After that we’ll see some examples of sentences that string two or more adjectives together.
Types of Adjectives
Opinion
Adjectives of opinion always come first before any other factual descriptions of the noun. There are two types of opinion adjectives. The first are general opinion adjectives and can be used with any kind of noun, whether it is a person, place, or thing.
Some of the most common general opinion adjectives are:
good
bad
lovely
strange
beautiful
nice
The second type are specific opinion adjectives. These are adjectives that can only be used with particular types of nouns. For example:
People and animals: intelligent, friendly, unfriendly, hard-working
Buildings and furniture: comfortable, uncomfortable
Food: flavorful, tasty, delicious
If you want to use a general opinion adjective and a specific opinion adjective in the same sentence, the general opinion adjective should come first. For example:
“Isn’t Maria a lovely, intelligent girl?”
Lovely is a general opinion adjective because it can be used with any noun. Therefore, it comes first. Intelligent is a specific opinion adjective because it can only be used with people and animals, so it comes second.
Measurements
Adjectives of measurement can tell us about the size, height, length, and weight of a person or a thing. Some of the most common adjectives of measurements are:
big
small
tiny
huge
enormous
short
tall
long
heavy
light
If we were to use more than one adjective of measurement in a sentence, we would normally use the adjective that mentions the general size first, and the other measurements after. For example:
“He’s a big, tall man.” (correct)
“He’s a tall, big man.” (incorrect)
“I bought a huge, heavy table for the kitchen.” (correct)
“I bought a heavy, huge table for the kitchen.” (incorrect)
Shape
Adjectives of shape usually describe objects. The most common are round, square, rectangular, triangular, and oval. However, there are many words that describe the shapes of objects that we see all around us but that are used less frequently. For example:
bent
concave
convex
flat
pointy
straight
twisted
symmetrical
Condition
Adjectives of condition tell us whether something is in a good or bad state. These are generally adjectives that describe a temporary state of the person or thing in the sentence. Some common adjectives of physical condition are clean, dirty, wet, and dry. Emotions like happy, sad, angry, scared, and excited are also adjectives of condition, as are general states such as rich, powerful, shy, or clever.”
Age
Adjectives of age can describe how old a person, place, or thing is. We have to be careful with adjectives of age, because some are used to describe only people, some are used only for things, and a few are used for both people and things. For example:
To describe people: young, youthful, elderly
To describe things: new, antique
To describe both: old, ancient
Color
Adjectives of color include the names of particular colors themselves, such as yellow, red, and blue, but they can also be approximate colors, like reddish or yellowish, or even properties of colors, such as transparent, translucent or opaque.
If you use both a color and a property of a color in one sentence, the property should come first, and the color after, immediately before the noun. For example:
“A translucent, yellow cup.”
“An opaque, blue curtain.”
Pattern
Adjectives of pattern can describe patterns of materials or even of animals. Some of the most common pattern adjectives are checked, polka-dot, striped, plaid, and flowered.
Origin
Adjectives of origin describe where something comes from. Usually, these are adjectives that refer to a specific country or region.
When we use a country adjective, like American, British, Indian, or Korean, note that we capitalize the adjective. Adjectives of origin that refer to a general region, such as eastern or southern, are not capitalized.
Material
Adjectives of material tell us what something is made of. For example:
“A wooden table.”
“A plastic chair.”
“A steel railroad track.”
Purpose
Last in the order of adjectives are adjectives of purpose. They tell us what something is for. For example:
“A sleeping bag.”
“A shopping cart.”
Now, let’s put all of this information about the different types of adjectives together and see some examples of how it works when we modify a noun with more than one adjective:
“Don’t forget to bring your new striped jacket.”
This sentence has two adjective types: New is an adjective of age and striped is an adjective of pattern.
“Yesterday my sister gave me a blue wool sweater.”
This sentence also has two adjective types: Blue is an adjective of color, and wool is an adjective of material.
“I bought an enormous rectangular Turkish rug on my vacation.”
This sentence includes three adjective types: Enormous is an adjective of measurement; rectangular is an adjective of shape; and Turkish is an adjective of origin (specifically of a country, so it’s also capitalized).
We use and to link two adjectives of the same type that describe separate parts of one object. For example:
“The child was playing with a blue and red plastic robot.
Blue and red are two adjectives of color, joined by and. They are followed by the adjective of material, plastic.
Sometimes a series of adjectives follows a linking verb, like to be. In this case, the last adjective is connected to the previous ones with the word and. For example:
“The house is big, white, and wooden.”
Using commas with adjectives
Last but not least, we need to mention commas. You have probably noticed that in some of our example sentences the adjectives are separated by commas, and in others they’re not.
Coordinate adjectives
In general, we do use commas between adjectives that describe the noun independently from one another. For example:
“I bought a heavy, long table.”
Each of the above adjectives separately describes the noun table; these are called coordinate adjectives, and they are each separated by a comma.
One way that we can check if adjectives are coordinate is by trying to switch around the order and see if the sentence still makes sense. For example:
“I bought a long, heavy table.”
The sentence still sounds correct, so we know that we are looking at coordinate adjectives and that we need to use a comma. Another way that we can check is by inserting the word and where the comma would go:
“I bought a heavy and long table.”
Again, the sentence still sounds correct, so we know we are dealing with coordinate adjectives.
Cumulative adjectives
When adjectives build on each other to create a complete description, we don’t separate them with commas. These are called cumulative adjectives, because their descriptions of the noun accumulate. For example:
“I bought a black wooden table.”
Black is describing wooden table (not just table alone), and so this sentence would sound strange if rearranged, like this:
“I bought a wooden black table.”
We can also try inserting and, with the same result:
“I bought a black and wooden table.”
The sentence doesn’t sound right either rearranged or using the and test, so we know that we are dealing with cumulative adjectives, and we should not separate them with commas.
Exceptions
Finally, we should remember that like with most grammar rules, the order of adjectives is not fixed, and there are exceptions. We can do our best to keep adjectives in their natural order, but we may encounter variations.
==========================
www.tfd.com
[29/12, 7:55 pm] ‪+91 99789 99990‬: Manhattan GMAT The Sentence Correction Guide

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B67WWTB45cBCRFFEam1iSHZOVTg/view?usp=sharing
[29/12, 7:58 pm] ‪+91 99789 99990‬: 30 Days to A More Powerful Vocabulary

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B67WWTB45cBCUTU1d3lXQkk5eGc/view?usp=sharing
[29/12, 8:03 pm] ‪+91 99789 99990‬: Precis Writing

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B67WWTB45cBCN19QLWVzQWdCWnM/view?usp=sharing
[29/12, 8:08 pm] ‪+91 99789 99990‬: Essay Writing Guide for Students

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B67WWTB45cBCOUlSbk81OWVQbHM/view?usp=sharing
[29/12, 8:12 pm] ‪+91 99789 99990‬: Basic Grammar in Use [Third Edition]

By: Raymond Murphy with William R. Smalzer

      PDF file, 16 MB

https://vk.com/doc394457328_456227179?hash=6ff92d1f2c99bba865&dl=f1de135b35ef2bd44d
[29/12, 8:19 pm] ‪+91 99789 99990‬: Common American Phrases in Everyday Contexts
3rd Edition

PDF file, 2 MB

https://vk.com/doc394457328_456200296?hash=1c47b3375741c0b219&dl=2901aaf7760b335e50
[29/12, 8:27 pm] ‪+91 99789 99990‬: Collins Cobuild
Basic English Grammar

      PDF file, 62 MB

https://vk.com/doc-59410269_227385360?hash=7fdd2cfa4933bf1425&dl=b62efe61852dd1b297
[29/12, 8:34 pm] ‪+91 99789 99990‬: Practical English Language Teaching
      Young Learners
      PDF file, 14 MB

https://vk.com/doc147039035_456618105?hash=d31625889debccdf22&dl=e0a099d95eb926abaa
[29/12, 8:38 pm] ‪+91 96203 22090‬: https://youtu.be/YWmVdAWJBVk
[29/12, 8:42 pm] ‪+91 99789 99990‬: 📚 💿 English for Restaurant Workers (Second Edition)

English for Restaurant Workers (Second Edition) is designed for trainee waiters and waitresses, and for trainers in the restaurant and catering industry. This post-elementary course has been specially developed using a novel picture based format.

📚 English_for_restaurant_workers_SB.pdf
PDF file, 60 MB
https://vk.com/doc226425969_439645079?hash=6215517fe2ead5a605&dl=2ce1004af9efd1697e
📚 English for Restaurant Workers - Audio.rar
RAR file, 27 MB
https://vk.com/doc8069473_176032161?hash=bc222db97362e5fe92&dl=fb012df30ca9bcd3c8

Light Verbs 
What is a light verb?
Light verbs (also known as delexical verbs, thin verbs, semantically weak verbs, or empty verbs) are verbs that do not carry unique meaning on their own, but instead rely on another word or words that follow them to become meaningful.
Because of this, light verbs can have a great variety of meanings, depending on the word(s) with which they are paired. Sometimes, the meaning of different light verbs can overlap if they share a common predicate.
Common examples of light verbs include do, have, make, get, take, and give, though there are others that can work the same way.
Using Light Verbs
Light verbs function by pairing with a word or words (usually, but not always, a noun or noun phrase) to achieve their meaning. The verb itself does not contribute very much meaning to the sentence; rather, we know what is meant by the word it’s paired with. For example:
“Do your homework!”
“We did some jumping jacks to warm up.”
“I hope you do well on your exam.”
“Why don’t we have something to eat?”
“I took a shower before breakfast.”
“She’s taking a nap right now.”
“Do you take sugar in your coffee?”
“Give me a break!”
“Give your father a kiss before you go to bed.”
“I get so many emails every day.”
“Let’s try to get warm by the fire.”
“Stop making such a fuss!”
“Be sure to make your bed after you get up in the morning.”
In each of these examples, the verb itself does not describe a specific, unique action. We only know what’s happening because of the word or words that are collocated with the verb.
Shared meaning
In some cases, we can even use different light verbs to achieve the same or very similar meaning; this is particularly true for the verbs have and take. For example:
“I’m going to have a shower.”
“I’m going to take a shower.”
“OK, everyone, let’s have lunch!”
“OK, everyone, let’s take lunch!”
“She’s having a nap right now.”
“She’s taking a nap right now.”
However, this can also occur with other light verbs. For instance:
“Be sure to take a bow at the end of the performance.”
“Be sure to make a bow at the end of the performance.”
“Will you get a photo of all of us together?”
“Will you take a photo of all of us together?”
“Did you get some breakfast?”
“Did you have some breakfast?”
Full Verbs and Auxiliary Verbs
Most verbs carry a unique semantic meaning of their own, and they do not rely on any additional predicate information to make sense. When contrasted with light verbs, these are sometimes known as full verbs or heavy verbs.
Auxiliary verbs, meanwhile, are similar to light verbs in that they do not carry meaning on their own; however, unlike light verbs, these work with other verbs to create a complete, unique meaning. Auxiliary verbs are used to create different verb tenses, to make a verb negative, or to express modality—that is, to assert (or deny) possibility, likelihood, ability, permission, obligation, or future intention.
Certain light verbs function as full verbs depending on how they are used; likewise, do and have can function as either auxiliary verbs or light verbs. For example:
“Let’s take some lunch to a park.” (full verb, meaning “bring to a place”)
“Let’s all take a break.” (light verb, reliant on break for meaning)
“I like to make toy figurines in my spare time.” (full verb, meaning “to create or assemble”)
“I’m afraid I made a terrible mistake in hiring him.” (light verb, reliant on mistake for meaning)
“Did you see the game last night?” (auxiliary verb, serves to modify the verb see to create an interrogative sentence)
“John did a few jobs for me this summer.” (light verb, dependent on the noun jobs for meaning)
“She had heard the rumors already.” (auxiliary verb, serves to modify the verb heard to create the past perfect tense)
“She had a snooze after lunch.” (light verb, dependent on the noun snooze for meaning)
Common Light Verbs
Unfortunately, the only way to become familiar with the various meanings and uses of light verbs is to study them in a dictionary or to come across them in day-to-day speech and writing.
Below, we’ll look at some examples using four particularly common light verbs that have a variety of different meanings—do, make, get, and take. Each sentence will be accompanied by an explanation of the light verb’s meaning.
Do
Do is used for general actions; these actions are dictated by the word or words that follow do.
“You can play if you do your homework.” (finish or complete your homework)
“Will you please do the dishes?” (wash the dishes)
“Will you please do the washing up?” (This is a British English expression with the same meaning as “do the dishes.”)
“I hope you do well on your exam.” (perform well; in this context, do relies on an adverb for its meaning)
“He was always willing to do someone a favor.” (give or perform a favor)
“My husband always does the cooking.” (prepare and cook food)
“I’m trying to avoid doing the ironing.” (iron clothes)
“John, will you do the dusting?” (clean the dust from the furniture and around the house)
“It always falls on me to do the housework.” (clean and tidy up around the house)
“She has to do her hair before we go.” (style her hair)
“I hope you can continue to do business together.” (engage in or perform business activities)
Make
As a light verb, make carries the general meaning of “create” or “assemble”; the specific meaning comes from what accompanies the verb.
“I made many mistakes in my exam.” (commit errors)
“Be sure to make your bed after you get up in the morning.” (put in order or neaten the sheets, covers, and pillows on one’s bed)
“After years of fighting, they decided to make peace.” (achieve, arrange, produce, or attain a state of peace)
“My mother is going to make a chocolate cake tonight.” (prepare and/or bake a cake)
“I just need to make dinner.” (prepare and cook dinner)
“I made friends with my new neighbors.” (earn or acquire the friendship of the neighbors)
“You need to make a decision.” (form or arrive at a decision)
“The neighbors make so much noise.” (create a lot of noise)
“He made an excellent speech at his brother’s wedding.” (orally perform or deliver a speech)
“Have you made any plans for the summer yet?” (form or establish plans)
“He called the restaurant and made a reservation for four.” (arrange or establish a reservation)
“You would make a great teacher!” (be suited for the role of a teacher)
“He really made a good impression at the job interview yesterday.” (achieve or produce a good impression)
“I will make an exception this time.” (allow an exception)
“This doesn’t make any sense to me.” (to be coherent or intelligible)
“Make it a priority to turn off the gas before you go out.” (establish it as a priority)
“I’m making a fortune in my new job.” (earn a large amount of money)
“It will make a big difference to the house if we paint all the rooms white.” (create or amount to a significant difference)
Get
Get is a particularly versatile verb. For example, it can mean any of the following depending on the context: fetch, obtain, understand, answer, receive, hit, be, become, hear, understand, earn, buy, win, secure, reach/arrive at, cause, convince, open, or succeed.
We are entirely dependent upon what is collocated with get to know which meaning it carries:
“I get so many emails every day.” (receive emails)
“I got good grades on my exams.” (obtain/earn good grades)
“How do you get to the station from here?” (reach/arrive at the station)
“I got a really good price for the car I sold.” (obtain a good price)
“We managed to get an excellent deal.” (secure an excellent deal)
“He didn’t laugh at the joke because he didn’t get it.” (understand it (the joke))
“I didn’t get the job because I didn’t have the right qualifications.” (succeed in obtaining the job)
“How much do you get per month in your new job?” (earn what amount?)
“Did you get these shoes at the new mall?” (buy the shoes)
“She got a medal for coming in first.” (win/be awarded a medal)
“I can’t get the children to go to bed early.” (convince or force the children)
“I finally got the computer to work again after it had crashed.” (cause the computer to work)
“Can you get the phone, please?” (answer the phone)
“My hands are full; could you get the door for me?” (open the door)
“Sorry, I didn’t get your name.” (hear/understand your name)
“I got really sick while I was on vacation, but I’m feeling a lot better now.” (became sick)
“He got arrested for robbing a bank.” (was arrested)
“The bullet got him in the head.” (hit him)
Take
As a light verb, take broadly means have, obtain, or use, but it has some other specific meanings in certain circumstances:
“Let’s all take a break.” (have a brief rest)
“Would you like to take a walk?” (engage in a walk)
“We’ll take a taxi home.” (use a taxi to travel)
“I have to take the bus into town.” (use the bus to travel)
“Don’t forget to take your medicine.” (ingest your medicine)
“He’s taking an exam in the morning.” (complete an exam)
“Will you take notes for me in class today?” (write notes)
“He’s been so sick that we’ve had to take his temperature every hour.” (obtain (through measurement) his temperature)
“It might not work, but I’m willing to take that chance.” (behave or act in a risky way)
“Hey, come here and take a look at this!” (examine or view this)
“We’ll just have to take your word for it.” (trust in what you say)
“She took a seat near the back.” (assume occupancy